Koy Sanjaq (KS): The text of the Jews of Koy Sanjaq, resident as the about 1951 inside Israel

Pointers comes from Robert Hoberman (personal communications). This seems to be broadly user of Jewish dialects out-of many other locations of region as well, and Aqra and Rawanduz.

However, within this dialect there’s a very strange alter regarding h to h about third individual only 1 possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’

Azerbaijan (Azer): The text of one’s Jews out-of Iranian Azerbaijan, together with teams inside the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you can Yuksekova. Information is out of Garbell (1965).

Halabja (Hala): The text of your own Jews regarding Halabja towards the Iran-Iraq edging. This is extremely nearby the Jewish languages of one’s almost every other towns and cities of one’s area, in addition to Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and you may Panjwin. Guidance arises from my personal notes.

We are going to contrast such languages for twenty-five phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and lexical standards. Following Hetzron (1976, 98), i have chose only designs as the standards having classification. I’ve selected a beneficial disproportionate number of morphological requirements, so we should give them unique weight, again pursuing the Hetzron, however, most other mutual designs will be regarded as better.

Mention and the more challenging maintenance and also insertion out of when you look at the Koy Sanjaq stated of the Hoberman (1985)

While we evaluate the brand new dialects out-of NENA we shall try to influence the newest the quantity to which the latest languages display a definite development hence is different from Turoyo and Mandaic. At the same time, we’ll pick bundles away from isoglosses in this NENA.

(۱) Fret can be penultimate in every the newest NA languages, and Turoyo and you will Mandaic although not in the three easternmost Jewish languages, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and Halabja, which usually fret the final syllable. This type of dialects have a look, such as this, as in more (Garbell 1965), to show an abnormally strong influence away from Kurdish.

(۲) Every NENA languages keeps blended h and you will x. From inside the Hertevin as a result, h, and every where otherwise it’s x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you will dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]a good ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and you can +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)

Both Turoyo and you will Mandaic retain separate h and you may x. Some NENA dialects keeps mamba reintroduced h while the a borrowing from the bank off Kurdish otherwise Arabic or from Ancient Syriac or Hebrew.(5) Yet not, the passed on code constantly suggests x. Like, into the Tisqopa you will find borrowed Arabic terms, for example sahabi ‘friend’, with h, but handed down words eg laxma ‘bread’ constantly tell you x. (6)

(۳) Every NENA dialects but Hertevin and you can Zakho have lost really occasions out-of passed down. Eg, into the Aradhin we discover arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ comparable to Syriac arb a beneficial and you will afra. Inside Hertevin along with Zakho, passed down is daily ?: Hertevin thus?an effective ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?la ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you may Alon 1979, 189). In several almost every other dialects some are managed because the ?, and you can, on other individuals, is gone completely. Particular dialects possess reintroduced borrowed of Arabic or Kurdish. Such, Halabja features ayza ‘good’.

(۴) From inside the earlier dialects away from Aramaic, as with Tiberian Hebrew, t turned [Theta] just after a good vowel. That it alternation has been lexicalized inside NENA, which have either t otherwise [Theta] spread compliment of whole paradigms, if or not preceded by the a vowel or not. Instance, in the Aradhin new verb ‘come’ presently has [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, also [Theta]e:los angeles ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). After that, in a number of dialects the latest phoneme [Theta] keeps been through a lot more alter. In a number of dialects [Theta] have blended returning to t, and in anyone else it has become s if you don’t l.(7) In one dialect, Jilu, it’s become h immediately after which started erased but at the beginning of a keyword. The 3 easternmost Jewish languages share the latest stunning move away from [Theta] to at least one. The outcome of them alter can be seen regarding term ‘house’ and therefore looks in different dialects given that become:[Theta]an excellent (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and besa (Sanandaj Religious).